Do you know if Mathematica does what you're describing? Mathematica functions and calculations can take arbitrary objects as arguments. Example: http://blog.wolfram.com/2008/12/01/the-incredible-convenienc...

And arbitrary objects can take the role of unique values. It's quite convenient, especially considering that Mathematica's language and display system let you put arbitrary expressions anywhere you want (like a 3D plot animation used as the surface texture of a 3D cube).